Smart WiFi plugs (TP-Link Kasa, Gosund, Shelly) use internal PCB connectors to link the ESP8266/ESP32 Wi-Fi module to th
Thread border router dongles (Nordic nRF52840, Silicon Labs MGM240) use USB Type-A or Type-C to connect to a home router
Power over Ethernet (IEEE 802.3af/at) enables IoT gateways, IP cameras, and smart speakers to receive both network data
LTE Cat-M1 and NB-IoT cellular IoT devices use U.FL, SMA, or IPEX MHF4 connectors for LTE antenna connections at 700-210
4-wire RS-485 full-duplex provides separate TX and RX differential pairs for higher throughput bidirectional communicati
Wiegand protocol uses a 4-wire connection between access card readers and access control panels for keycard and fob auth
Z-Wave Long Range (LR) extends Z-Wave range to over 1.6km and supports up to 4000 nodes per network. Modules use the sam
OpenTherm is a standard 2-wire communication protocol between thermostats and boilers/heat pumps for modulating heating
M-Bus (Meter Bus, EN 13757) is a European standard for reading utility meters (water gas heat electricity) using a 2-wir
Maxim 1-Wire (Dallas Semiconductor) protocol uses a single data wire plus ground for daisy-chaining DS18B20 temperature
Modbus RTU RS-485 terminal blocks connect smart meters, energy monitors, solar inverters, and HVAC equipment to home aut
KNX IP routers use standard RJ45 Ethernet to bridge KNX twisted pair bus segments and provide remote access to KNX build
Matter (formerly Project CHIP) smart home protocol uses standard RJ45 Ethernet and Wi-Fi connectivity for Thread border
Z-Wave modules (Silicon Labs ZGM130S, Sigma UZB) operate at 868/908/916 MHz with sub-GHz long range and mesh networking
Zigbee modules (TI CC2652, Silicon Labs EFR32) use castellated LCC or stamp module pads for board-to-board soldering, pr